Weapons to Defend Agains the Right Wing Extremest
The Rise of Far-Right Extremism in the United States
CSIS Briefs
November 7, 2018
The Effect
Right-fly extremism in the United States appears to be growing. The number of terrorist attacks by far-correct perpetrators rose over the by decade, more than than quadrupling between 2016 and 2017. The recent pipe bombs and the October 27, 2018, synagogue attack in Pittsburgh are symptomatic of this trend. U.S. federal and local agencies need to quickly double downwards to counter this threat. There has also been a rise in far-right attacks in Europe, jumping 43 percent between 2016 and 2017.
The threat from right-wing terrorism in the United States—and Europe—appears to be rising. Of detail concern are white supremacists and anti-government extremists, such equally militia groups and so-called sovereign citizens interested in plotting attacks against government, racial, religious, and political targets in the United states.1 The October 27, 2018, Pittsburgh synagogue shooting by Robert Bowers, and the arrest a solar day earlier of Cesar Sayoc who sent pipe bombs to prominent Democrats, appear to exist the near recent manifestations of this trend. Both perpetrators were far-right extremists. Although violent left-fly groups and individuals also nowadays a threat, far-right-networks appear to be meliorate armed and larger. There also is a continuing threat from extremists inspired by the Islamic State and al-Qaeda. Simply the number of attacks from right-fly extremists since 2014 has been greater than attacks from Islamic extremists. 2
With the ascension tendency in right-wing extremism, U.S. federal and local agencies need to shift some of their focus and intelligence resources to penetrating far-correct networks and preventing futurity attacks. To be articulate, the terms "right-fly extremists" and "left-wing extremists" do not stand for to political parties in the United states of america, such as Republicans or Democrats. Opinion polls in the United States show that most Republicans and Democrats loathe terrorism. 3
Instead, correct-wing terrorism ordinarily refers to the utilize or threat of violence by sub-national or not-land entities whose goals may include racial, ethnic, or religious supremacy; opposition to government potency; and the end of practices like abortion.four Every bit Bruce Hoffman writes, right-fly terrorists generally criticize the autonomous state for "its liberal social welfare policies and tolerance of diverse stance—alongside its permitting of dark-skinned immigrants in the national labor forcefulness and of Jews and other minorities in positions of power or influence." 5 Left-wing terrorism, on the other manus, refers to the use or threat of violence by sub-national or non-state entities that oppose capitalism, imperialism, and colonialism; focus on environmental or fauna rights issues; espouse pro-communist or pro-socialist beliefs; or support a decentralized sociopolitical organisation like anarchism.six
The residuum of this brief is divided into iv sections. The first examines the growth of right-fly terrorism in the United states of america. The second examines its evolving nature in the U.s.a., including the use of the internet and social media. The third assesses the challenge of far-right extremism in Europe. The fourth discusses policy implications.
The Ascension in Far-Right Extremism
Terrorist attacks by correct-fly extremists in the United States have increased. Between 2007 and 2011, the number of such attacks was v or less per twelvemonth. They so rose to 14 in 2012; continued at a similar level between 2012 and 2016, with a hateful of eleven attacks and a median of xiii attacks; and then jumped to 31 in 2017.vii FBI arrests of right-wing extremists also increased in 2018. 8
Every bit Figure one highlights, nearly of the far-right attacks involved firearms or incendiary devices (the latter which included setting fire to targets similar mosques). These types of weapons are simple to learn, easy to use, and require niggling preparation—especially for solitary actors. The perpetrators attacked religious figures and institutions, primarily Muslim or Jewish targets (31 percent); private citizens and belongings (29 percentage); and U.Southward. or foreign authorities targets in the United States, such as the Forsyth Canton Courthouse in Georgia or the Mexican consulate in Austin, Texas (xiv percent). 9
Figure 1: Weapon and Target Type for Correct-WingAttacks, 2007-201710
The perpetrators of these attacks were mostly white supremacists and "sovereign citizens." The latter category includes a loose mixture of individuals and groups that use violence, or the threat of violence, to protest regime functions such as taxation. The perpetrators mostly accept been lone actors and small networks of white supremacists and sovereign citizens, rather than groups.
Nigh of these attacks either didn't impale anyone or led to a small number of deaths. In September 2017, for case, Kenneth James Gleason, a white supremacist, was charged with shooting and killing Donald Smart, an African-American, in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. A few attacks were more lethal. In June 2015, Dylann Roof opened fire with a Glock .45 quotient pistol on parishioners at Emanuel Africa Methodist Episcopal Church in Charleston, South Carolina, killing nine people. His motivations were racist, and he expressed his extremist beliefs on such websites as lastrhodesian.com.eleven
Two decades earlier, Timothy McVeigh orchestrated the deadliest correct-wing attack in contempo U.Southward. history, killing 168 people and injuring more than 680 in Oklahoma City. Michael Fortier, a close friend of McVeigh's, remarked that "we both believed that the Un was actively trying to form a one-world government, disarm the American public, take abroad our weapons."12 As Figure 2 highlights, between 2007 and 2017 attacks occurred in virtually every country in the United States, from California to Texas, Florida, Virginia, and New York.
Figure 2: Right-Wing Terrorist Attacks in the United States, 2007–201713
The perpetrators of the October 2018 attacks were motivated by racist and anti-Semitic views. Cesar Sayoc allegedly mailed xiii packages containing improvised explosive devices (consisting of a PVC pipe, small clock, battery, wiring, and explosive cloth) to prominent Democrats.14 "He was very aroused and aroused at the globe," one of his former bosses remarked, "at blacks, Jews, gays. He e'er talked most 'if I had complete autonomy none of these gays or these blacks would survive.'"15 Robert Bowers, who killed 11 people at the Tree of Life Jewish Synagogue in Pittsburgh, besides was motivated by extreme right-fly views.16 He espoused anti-immigrant and anti-Jewish views on Gab, a social media network that has been embraced past white nationalists. Only earlier the shooting, Bowers posted a annotate on his Gab account referencing the Hebrew Immigrant Assist Social club (HIAS): "HIAS likes to bring invaders in that kill our people. I can't sit down by and scout my people get slaughtered. Screw your optics. I'm going in." 17
Many of these right-wing extremists are trying to be less visible and less conspicuous. The goal is to avoid the classic skinhead appearance of shaved heads, steel-toe gainsay boots, and other apparel that might be obvious to police force enforcement. 18 Islamic extremists have developed similar tactics, trimming their beards and wearing Western-way wearing apparel to avoid detection from police force enforcement and intelligence agencies as they plot terrorist attacks. nineteen White supremacist Ben Daley instructed his supporters to article of clothing clothing like polo-style shirts and khakis, as well as to get clean-cut war machine haircuts.
Equally Daley wrote in 1 individual Facebook message intercepted by the FBI, "If y'all are still in LA area it'll probably be me meeting up with y'all. We become for the implicit look so y'all'll have to modify your [manner] upwards a bit when your with us."
His associate responded, "Yea that's fine [I] tin grow my hair out if demand be, drop the boots and braces look etc."
Daley replied using a symbol for "okay" and and so remarked, "Trust I did information technology for a long time also only ultimately the 80s in that style of nationalism proved to exist ineffective … [I] call back its time to reimagine the nationalist look and playbook, we have become predictable that needs to alter."xx
In some other Facebook post, Daley noted, "I would exist mindful of saying annihilation that could be misconstrued as a call to violence. I know people who literally have feds show up at there door over posts. [J]ust food for thought. Trust I'm not speaking in terms of morality rather practicality." 21
Factors Driving Far-Right Extremism
Why is there a rise in far-right attacks? Several factors may have contributed to this growth.
First, correct-wing extremists are increasingly using the cyberspace and social media to consequence propaganda statements, coordinate preparation (including combat grooming), organize travel to nourish protests and other events, raise funds, recruit members, and communicate with others. The internet and social media provide an unparalleled opportunity to reach a broader audience, which is why Islamic extremists take done the same. Every bit one Islamic State defector noted, "The media people are more of import than the soldiers…Their monthly income is higher. They accept ameliorate cars. They take the power to encourage those inside to fight and the ability to bring more recruits to the Islamic State." 22 In addition to the Islamic State, other Salafi-jihadist organizations like al-Qaeda take used social media to recruit, radicalize, raise funds, intimidate, and communicate with members and the public.
Right-fly networks have used Twitter (with hashtags like #nationalist and #ultraright in Twitter posts), posted videos on YouTube, established Facebook pages, created Instagram accounts, and communicated on social media sites like Gab and through Voice over Internet Protocol applications like Discord. Some have even sprayed graffiti on neighborhood walls to advertise their white supremacist ideology. In addition, websites like the Daily Stormer remain influential among many neo-Nazi and white supremacy activists.23Social media sites have been littered with phrases similar the Fourteen Words (besides referred to as the 14 or 14/88) coined past white supremacist David Lane, a founding fellow member of the group the Order. The Xiv Words includes variations like: "Nosotros must secure the being of our people and a future for white children." 24
2nd, right-fly extremists are increasingly traveling overseas to meet and substitution views with likeminded individuals. [v] In the leap of 2018, for example, several members of the Rise Above Movement (or RAM)—Robert Rundo, Ben Daley, and Michael Miselis—traveled to Germany, Ukraine, and Italy to celebrate Adolf Hitler'southward birthday and to come across with members of European white supremacist groups. RAM is a white supremacist group headquartered in southern California. Its members posted photographs on their Instagram accounts of their Europe trip with the RAM logo and words similar "RAPEFUGEES ARE Non WELCOME Hither" and "Defection AGAINST Modern … ACTIVISIM-ATHLETICS-VIRTUE … RIGHT SIDE." 26 In Ukraine, RAM members met with groups like the Azov Battalion, a paramilitary unit of measurement of the Ukrainian National Guard, which the FBI says is associated with neo-Nazi ideology. The Azov Battalion also is believed to be training and radicalizing white supremacist organizations based in the United states of america. 27 These foreign connections provide U.South.-based groups with an opportunity to meliorate their tactics, develop ameliorate counter-intelligence techniques, harden their extremist views, and broaden their global networks.
3rd, correct-fly extremism has been energized over the past decade by several issues. Some were infuriated by the election of an African-American, Barack Obama, as president. As one U.South. Department of Homeland Security cess ended before long after the election, "Rightwing extremists have capitalized on the ballot of the first African American president, and are focusing their efforts to recruit new members, mobilize existing supporters, and broaden their scope and appeal through propaganda, but they have not yet turned to assail planning." 28 Others have been incensed about a perceived rising tide of immigration to the United States from countries like Mexico and Syria.
Still others have been inspired past President Donald Trump, as noted in Department of Justice criminal complaints and indictments. On March 25, 2017, RAM members attended a "Make America Nifty Once more" rally in Huntington Beach, California and fought protesters. They carried signs similar "DEFEND AMERICA" and "Da Goyim Know" (a phrase used past some white supremacists to refer to a supposed Jewish conspiracy to command globe affairs). 29 Afterward the rally, the Daily Stormer published an article titled "Trumpenkriegers Physically Remove Antifa Homos in Huntington Embankment." 30 The word "antifa" refers to a mix of left-wing and anti-fascist militant networks.
As an FBI special agent explained in a criminal complaint, "based on my training and experience, I know that 'Trumpenkriegers' is intended to mean 'Fighters for Trump.'" 31 While the election of President Trump has energized some correct-wing extremists, Trump's election does not fully explain this trend. The first notable increase in correct-wing terrorist attacks over the past decade occurred in 2012—from ane attack in 2011 to fourteen in 2012—iv years before President Trump was elected.
Far-Correct Extremism in Europe
Similar the U.s., Europe faces a growing threat from farthermost right-wing groups. Every bit Effigy 3 highlights, farthermost right-fly attacks have significantly increased—from 0 in 2012 to 9 in 2013; 21 in 2016; and xxx in 2017. 32 European union Security Commissioner Sir Julian King has expressed serious business concern about the "growing menace" of right-wing extremism: "I'd simply similar to pause for one moment on this. I'one thousand not aware of a single European union member state that is not affected in some way by right-fly violent extremism." 33 In 2011, 77 died in a series of attacks past a lone right-fly extremist in Oslo and the isle of Utoya. Vehement groups include the Identitäre Bewegung Deutschland (IBD, Identitarian Movement Germany) and supporters of the Reich Denizen ideology in Germany; the Generace Identity (Generation of Identity) motility and the Pro-Vlast movement in the Czech Commonwealth; Soldiers of Odin in Belgium; and the Blood & Honour organization in Portugal. 34
Figure three: Extreme Right-Wing Attacks in Europe, 2012–2017 35
In the UK, extreme right-fly groups have non presented a significant terrorism threat until recently, partly in response to ascension domestic concerns near refugees and asylum-seekers from countries like Syria and Afghanistan. In 2016 and 2017, the UK banned the far-correct groups National Activity, Scottish Dawn, and National Socialist Anti-Backer Action nether the Terrorism Deed 2000. 36 There likewise have been several right-wing attacks in the UK. Examples include the June 2017 killing of one individual by Darren Osborne at the Finsbury Park Mosque, and the June 2016 assassination of UK Labour Fellow member of Parliament Jo Cox by Thomas Mair. Some extreme right-wing individuals and groups pose a particular threat because they accept stockpiled firearms and adult the adequacy to build improvised explosive devices. 37 Every bit the Britain regime concluded in 2018, "Nosotros assess the threat from extreme right-wing terrorism is growing." 38
The threat from extreme right-wing groups and individuals is likely more than acute in the UK than anywhere else in Europe. As the European Union Bureau for Law Enforcement Cooperation concluded, "Five foiled, failed or completed terrorist attacks attributed to rightwing extremists (RWE) were reported for 2017: all of them past the UK." 39 In 2017 and early 2018, the UK arrested 27 individuals on suspicion of existence a fellow member of National Action, fifteen of whom were charged with terrorism offenses. In addition, the British domestic intelligence agency, MI5, and the police disrupted nearly a half-dozen right-wing terrorist plots in the Great britain in the first half of 2018. 40
France as well has experienced isolated acts of far-right extremism. In June 2018, for example, French authorities arrested 10 suspected far-right extremists—including a retired law officer and a retired soldier—from the group Activeness des Forces Opérationnelles who allegedly were plotting to assail Muslims. They had stockpiled rifles, handguns, homemade grenades, and ammunition effectually Paris, the Mediterranean island of Corsica, and the western Charentes-Maritimes region. 41 Different the Finsbury Park set on in the UK, the Action des Forces Opérationnelles plotters claimed they were "just" planning to assault jihadists, radical preachers, and "radicalized individuals"—yet their definition of "radicalized" individuals included women wearing veils.
Much like in the U.s.a., right-wing networks and individuals have broadened their contacts in other countries, peculiarly in Europe and North America. In add-on, right-wing extremists also have increasingly leveraged the cyberspace and social media. Every bit the High german Ministry of Interior ended:
The Internet has go the almost important propaganda tool in the right-fly extremist scene. As soon as right-wing extremist organisations brainstorm planning large-scale public deportment or launch campaigns, they most without exception employ the Internet to spread the news. Designated websites, social media profiles, online flyers, and images, texts and video clips posted on the Internet are key elements of their online campaigns. Since the right-fly extremist scene began using the Net, its basic methodology has been to openly show its presence and disseminate on the one hand and to shift its communications and criminal behaviour to protected, not-public areas of the Internet on the other. 42
Policy Implications
Correct-wing extremism is nothing new in the United States. After the Civil War, President Ulysses South. Grant conducted an aggressive—and ultimately successful—campaign against the Ku Klux Klan and its offshoots (such as the Knights of the White Camellia) from the 1860s to the 1870s. Grant deployed federal soldiers to arrest Klan members, enlisted U.South. attorneys to try their cases, supported Congressional legislation like the Ku Klux Klan Human activity, and organized federal judges to oversee Klan trials. 43 For much of the twentieth century, the FBI and local law enforcement agencies effectively penetrated and dismantled dozens of correct-wing terrorist groups, such as the Guild and the Covenant, Sword, and Arm of the Lord. 44 In the 1990s, correct-fly groups were energized around bug like gun control, gratis merchandise agreements, perceived government infringement on civil liberties, and social issues such equally abortion, immigration, and aforementioned-sexual activity matrimony. 45 Following the April 1995 Oklahoma Metropolis bombing, the FBI and local police force enforcement agencies again successfully infiltrated far-right networks and arrested their leadership.
Yet far-correct extremism persists. The Turner Diaries, a 1978 novel written by William Pierce under the pseudonym Andrew Macdonald, has been influential in far-right circles. It describes a serial of events that begins with a white supremacist military revolution and culminates in a race war, world-broad nuclear war, and extermination of Jews, gays, and non-whites. 46 Anti-regime activist and white supremacist Louis Beam advocated an organizational structure that he termed "leaderless resistance" to target the U.S. authorities. As Beam noted, "Utilizing the Leaderless Resistance concept, all individuals and groups operate independently of each other, and never written report to a primal headquarters or single leader for direction or education, equally would those who vest to a typical pyramid arrangement." 47 Axle's leaderless resistance concept remains inspiring to some right-wing extremists and partially explains why much of the far-right threat comes from lone actors and small networks—rather than large groups.
Today, some in the Department of Justice, Department of Homeland Security, FBI, and state and local law enforcement agencies have expressed alarm at far-correct extremism. The Trump Administration'south counterterrorism strategy, released in October 2018, warned that the U.s.a. faces a threat from individuals motivated past types of violent extremism other than radical Islam, "such as racially motivated extremism, animal rights extremism, environmental extremism, sovereign denizen extremism, and militia extremism." 48 In April 2018, federal regime charged 57 members of white supremacist organizations with drug trafficking and kidnapping. 49 As U.Southward. Chaser General Jeff Sessions remarked following the arrest, "Non simply exercise white supremacist gangs subscribe to a repugnant, hateful ideology, they also appoint in significant, organized and violent criminal activeness." He connected that "the Department of Justice has targeted every violent criminal gang fellow member in the United States. The quantities of drugs, guns, and money seized in this case are staggering." l
The claiming now is to devote sufficient attention and resources to stop the further ascent of correct-fly extremism. 51 The goal should be to bring far-right activeness to a manageable level and to prevent attacks. Several steps are important.
Showtime, federal, state, and local agencies need to focus on the ascension of right-fly extremism. As noted earlier, the number of correct-wing terrorist attacks is at present greater than the number of Islamic extremist attacks. Europe's evolving terrorism threat has led to a reapportionment of counterterrorism resources. In the United kingdom, the government gave the Articulation Terrorism Analysis Centre, the domestic spy bureau MI5, and the police more resource to collect intelligence on—and abort—right-wing terrorists. The FBI and Joint Terrorism Task Forces, which atomic number 82 terrorism investigations across the Us, have been focused on the threat from Sunni jihadists and Shia groups similar Hezbollah.
Penetrating far-right networks, identifying extremists on social media forums, and absorbing terrorists before they attack won't be easy. Nigh right-wing extremists are lone actors. Even the alt-right, or alternative correct, is a loosely connected network of white supremacists, white nationalists, anti-Semites, neo-Nazis, and other fringe detest groups. Alone actors and small networks don't often talk about their plots by telephone or e-mail, both of which can be intercepted by law enforcement agencies. 52 However, they may be active on social media forums, which can be monitored. In addition, at that place is no federal statute in U.Due south. code for domestic terrorism.53At that place is also no domestic terrorist arrangement designation like there is for international terrorists (such as the U.S. State Department'southward Strange Terrorist Organization designations) to focus attending on threats from correct-wing or left-fly extremists.54
Second, the U.South. government needs to work closely with the private sector—including social media companies—and European partners to combat right-wing extremism, as it has in combatting Islamic extremism. Some European states, including France and the United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland, accept put significant pressure level on social media companies to remove content that advocates or otherwise supports terrorism, including if information technology violates visitor terms of service. Restricting extremist access to social media requires companies to devote staff time and engineering resource to detecting such content and closing it downwardly. The U.s. should set out clear requirements and consider what additional levels of regulation and assertions of liability might be applied to secure maximum compliance—especially in cases where individuals and networks support violence.
The United States has made significant progress since 9/xi in countering the threat from Islamic extremists. It now needs to do the same with right-wing and other terrorists. To succeed, Americans will need a sober assessment of the threat and thoughtful solutions, not political posturing.
Seth G. Jones is the Harold Chocolate-brown Chair and Director of the Transnational Threats Project at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), also every bit the author of A Covert Action: Reagan, the CIA, and the Cold War Struggle in Poland (West.W. Norton).
CSIS Briefs are produced by the Middle for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), a private, revenue enhancement-exempt establishment focusing on international public policy issues. Its research is nonpartisan and nonproprietary. CSIS does not take specific policy positions. Appropriately, all views, positions, and conclusions expressed in this publication should be understood to be solely those of the author(s).
© 2018 by the Heart for Strategic and International Studies. All rights reserved.
ane On recent writings, see, for example, Bruce Hoffman, "Postal service Bombs, Hate Crimes, and the Meaning of Terrorism," Council on Foreign Relations, October 30, 2018, https://www.cfr.org/article/mail-bombs-hate-crimes-and-meaning-terrorism; Peter Bergen, "Yes, There Is Such a Matter as Correct-Wing Terrorism," CNN, November 2, 2018, http://peterbergen.com/yes-in that location-is-such-a-matter-every bit-right-fly-terrorism-cnn-com/.
ii The number of casualties from attacks by Islamic extremists has been greater than by right-fly extremists, largely because of a few cases similar Omar Mateen'due south Pulse nightclub attack that killed 49 people and wounded 53 others.
3 See, for instance, Caroll Doherty, et al., Economic Problems Decline Amongst Public'south Policy Priorities (Washington, DC: Pew Research Center, January 2018).
4 See, for instance, the definition of right-fly extremism in National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (Start), Ideological Motivations of Terrorism in the United states, 1970-2016 (College Park, MD: START, November 2017), 6, https://www.get-go.umd.edu/pubs/START_IdeologicalMotivationsOfTerrorismInUS_Nov2017.pdf.
five Bruce Hoffman, Inside Terrorism, Third Edition (New York: Columbia University Printing, 2017), 249. Also see Bruce Hoffman, Right-Fly Terrorism in Europe (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, March 1982).
6 Run into, for example the definition of left-fly extremism in Commencement, Ideological Motivations of Terrorism in the United States, 1970-2016 , 6.
7 The numbers include CSIS coding of terrorism attacks from the Global Terrorism Database at the University of Maryland's National Consortium for the Written report of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (https://world wide web.showtime.umd.edu/gtd/).
8 Author interview with senior FBI officials, Oct 2018.
9 The numbers include CSIS coding of terrorism attacks from the Global Terrorism Database at the Academy of Maryland's National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (https://www.outset.umd.edu/gtd/).
10 The numbers include CSIS coding of terrorism attacks from the Global Terrorism Database at the University of Maryland's National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/).
11United States of America v. Dylann Storm Roof, Indictment, in the United States Commune Courtroom for the District of S Carolina, Charleston Partition, July 2015, https://www.justice.gov/usao-sc/file/632581/download.
12 Quoted in Hoffman, Inside Terrorism, 108.
thirteen The numbers include CSIS coding of terrorism attacks from the Global Terrorism Database at the University of Maryland's National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/).
xiv United states of america of America v. Cesar Altieri Sayoc, Complaint, in the United States Southern Commune of New York, October 2018, https://www.justice.gov/usao-sc/file/632581/download.
xv Matt Zapotosky, Annie Gowen, Sari Horwitz, and Cleve R. Wootson, Jr., "Who is Cesar Sayoc?" Washington Post, Oct 26, 2018, https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2018/x/26/who-is-cesar-altieri-sayoc-what-nosotros-know-about-suspected-mail service-bomber-arrested-florida/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.a6ca56eaf1dc.
16 U.s. of America vs. Robert Bowers, Criminal Complaint, United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania, Oct 27, 2018, https://www.justice.gov/usao-wdpa/printing-release/file/1105371/download.
17Screenshot of Robert Bowers' profile on Gab, Oct 27, 2018.
eighteen See, for case, Casey Sanchez, NYT Manner Pub: Skinhead Style is Back (Montgomery, AL: Southern Poverty Law Center, September 21, 2007), https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2007/09/21/nyt-fashion-pub-skinhead-style-back.
xix See, for case, tactics adopted by Islamic extremists based in the U.k., who were involved in the July 2005 London attack and the 2006 plot to take downward airplanes flying from the Great britain to the U.s. and Canada. Seth G. Jones, Hunting in the Shadows: The Pursuit of Al-Qa'ida Since ix/eleven (New York: W.W. Norton, 2012).
twenty Us of America v. Robert Paul Rundo, et al.
21 Ibid.
22 Greg Miller and Souad Mekhennet, "Inside the Surreal World of the Islamic Land'southward Propaganda Car," Washington Post, November twenty, 2015, https://world wide web.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/inside-the-islamic-states-propaganda-auto/2015/11/xx/051e997a-8ce6-11e5-acff-673ae92ddd2b_story.html?utm_term=.e92f675db9a2/.
23 See, for example, https://dailystormer.name/.
24 United States of America v. Robert Paul Rundo, Robert Boman, Tyler Laube, and Aaron Eason, Criminal Complaint, U.s.a. District Court, Central Commune of California, Oct xx, 2018, https://int.nyt.com/information/documenthelper/421-robert-rundo-complaint/0f1e76cdeef814133f24/optimized/total.pdf.
25 Writer interview with senior FBI officials, Oct 2018.
26 U.s.a. v. Robert Paul Rundo, et al.
27 Ibid.
28 Section of Homeland Security, Rightwing Extremism: Current Economical and Political Climate Fueling Resurgence in Radicalization and Recruitment (Washington, DC: DHS Part of Intelligence and Analysis, April 2009).
29 U.s. of America five. Robert Paul Rundo, et al.
30 Azzmador, "Trumpenkriegers Physically Remove Antifa Homos in Huntington Beach," Daily Stormer, March 26, 2017, https://dailystormer.name/trumpenkriegers-physically-remove-antifa-homos-in-huntington-beach/.
31 Usa five. Robert Paul Rundo, et al.
32 Information from the University of Maryland, Global Terrorism Database (https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/).
33 Matthew Tempest, "Commissioner Warns of 'Growing Menace' of Right-Wing Terrorism in European union," Euractiv, March 23, 2017, https://www.euractiv.com/department/politics/news/commissioner-warns-of-growing-menace-of-right-wing-terrorism-in-eu/.
34 Eu Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation (Europol), European Union Terrorism State of affairs and Trend Report (The Hague: Europol, 2018).
35 Information from the University of Maryland, Global Terrorism Database (https://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/).
36 Home Office, "National Activity Becomes First Extreme Right-Wing Group to exist Banned in Britain," December 16, 2016, available at: https://www.gov.u.k./government/news/national-activity-becomes-first-extreme-right-wing-groupinghoped-for-banned-in-great britain; Abode Office, "Further Extreme Right-Wing Groups Banned in the Britain," September 28, 2017, bachelor at: https://www.gov.britain/authorities/news/further-farthermost-correct-wing-groups-banned-in-the-uk.
37 David Anderson, "Attacks in London and Manchester: Independent Assessment of MI5 and Constabulary Internal Reviews," December 2017, available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.britain/government/uploads/organisation/uploads/attachment_data/file/664682/Attacks_in_London_and_Manchester_Open_Report.pdf.
38 Her Majesty's Government (HMG), Competition: The United Kingdom's Strategy for Countering Terrorism , Cm 9608 (London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, June 2018), 22. Emphasis added.
39 Europol, European Union Terrorism Situation and Trend Report, 51.
40 HMG, CONTEST, 8.
41 "Le terrorisme d'extrême droite, nouvel enjeu de la sécurité intérieure," Le Monde, June 27, 2018, bachelor at: https://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2018/06/27/le-terrorisme-d-farthermost-droite-nouvel-enjeu-de-la-securite-interieure_5321745_3232.html.
42 Federal Ministry of the Interior, Brief Summary: 2017 Report on the Protection of the Constitution (Berlin: Federal Ministry of the Interior, 2017), 13.
43 Ron Chernow, Grant (New York: Penguin Press, 2017), 706-710.
44 Seth G. Jones and Martin C. Libicki, How Terrorist Groups Finish: Lessons for Counter al Qa'ida (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2008).
45 Department of Homeland Security, Rightwing Extremism, 4-7.
46 Andrew MacDonald (aka William Pierce), The Turner Diaries, Second Edition (Washington, DC: National Alliance, 1980).
47 Louis Axle, "Leaderless Resistance," Seditionist, Issue 12, Feb 1992, v.
48 White House, National Strategy for Counterterrorism of the The states of America (Washington, DC: White House, October 2018), p. 10, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/x/NSCT.pdf.
49 United States of America v. Joshua David Lane, et al., Third Superseding Indictment, U.s. District Court, Northern District of Texas, May one, 2018, https://www.justice.gov/usao-ndtx/press-release/file/1058866/download.
fifty U.S. Department of Justice, U.South. Attorney'southward Function, Northern District of Texas, "57 Member/Associates of Various White Supremacists Gangs Charged in Kidnapping and Drug Conspiracies," May 1, 2018, https://world wide web.justice.gov/usao-ndtx/pr/57-memberassociates-diverse-white-supremacists-gangs-charged-kidnapping-and-drug.
51 See, for example, Janet Reitman, "U.S. Police force Enforcement Failed to Run across the Threat of White Nationalism," New York Times Magazine, November 3, 2018, https://world wide web.nytimes.com/2018/11/03/mag/FBI-charlottesville-white-nationalism-far-right.html.
52 Author interview with senior FBI officials, Oct 2018.
53 See, for example, Michael German and Sara Robinson, Wrong Priorities on Fighting Terrorism (New York: Brennan Middle for Justice, New York University School of Law, 2018).
54 Run into the U.Southward. Land Departments designation of Foreign Terrorist Organizations at https://www.state.gov/j/ct/rls/other/des/123085.htm.
Source: https://www.csis.org/analysis/rise-far-right-extremism-united-states
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